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Since designs are non-rival goods (both you and I can use a design at the same time-I am not competing with you for access), non-rival individuals considering creating an innovation should always prefer participating in a collaborative project to going it alone if a collabora- tive project is viable and the added costs of communication involved in a collaborative project do not exceed the savings individual participants gain by sharing design costs.
A second major advantage of collaborative projects over single inno- vator projects is that collaborative projects greatly expand the range of innovation opportunities that are viable for free innovators.
, the width) of the rectangles in the shaded area at the bot- tom of the figure represents the viable amount of design costs for each individual participant in the collaborative project (di).
At a cost above Cmax, demarked in figure 3.2, a collaborative project simply cannot get off the ground.
Similarly, de Jong (2013) found, in a study of Canadian household sector innovators, that for collaborative projects the probability of
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